X-ray diagnostic apparatus



Feb- 23, 1954 Mf WEINBERG 2,670,401

X-RAY DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS Filed June 15, 194s 6 Sheets-Sheet 2 fifa INVENTOR. L J 36 en/lz Munbery 5 i BY A Feb. z3, 1954 M, WENBERG .2,670,401

X-RAY' DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS V 3 Filed June 15, 1948 ves sheets-sheet sv INVENToR. Ham/uz Wenz heyy BYW.. I; @E

Feb. 23, 1954 ,M wElNBRG 2,670,401

X-RAY DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS Filed June 15, 1948 A 6 Sheets-Sheet 4 I v /I/ ML# e l 'lull I|l|"".'.`| L."-

/Bv JNVENTOR.

/YWW'IZ Wezery BY fm?? C Feb. 23, 1954 M. wEiNBERc-z X-RAY DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS 6 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed June l5, 1948 @11.LIIJ. Nw wrm I l w wNAMN E iN@ ,3 w@ m m .v .N .|11 n l I III. m

Harz/n Wzber g BY Feb. 23, 1954 M WE|NBERG X-RAY DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS 6 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed June l5, 1948 INVENTOR. Maru): Wez'lzhe'y Patented Feb. 23, 1954 X-RAY DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS Marvin Weinberg, New York, AN. Y. i Application June 15, 1948, Serial No. 33,133

(Clive- 6.8)

14 Claims.

This invention relates to X-ray diagnostic apparatus and has for its major object the provision of a new tool for use by X-ray diagnosticians in the examination of the internal structure and vcomposition of materials.

Another object is to provide means to indicate visually the compositional and density differences present in a substance or material along the path of X-radiation projection therethrough.

Still another object is to provide an X-ray diagnostic device or apparatus capable of indicating visually the compositional and density differences present in a substance or material along the path of a small diameter beam of X- radiation projection therethrough and over a determined plane area thereof along the path of X-ray beam projection.

vA further object is to provide a new method and a new tool facilitating and improving the technique of examining the internal structure and composition of substances and materials, particularly such differences that are present in living tissues.

Other objects and advantages will be apparent as the invention is hereinafter disclosed.

In accordance with these objects I have discovered that when a small diameter beam of 'X-radiation of any given Wavelength and intensity is passed through a material, the amount of X-radiation scattered at any given point along the path of travel of the beam through the material varies with respect to the composi- 'tion and density of the material at this point and that this variation may be utilized in visually indicating the same by means collecting the scattered radiation, or a determined portion thereof, emanating from a determined point along the path i projection and converting the collected scattered radiation into an electrical im- ;pulse, which when sufficiently amplied may be determined path through the material, thereby to form a relatively thin sectioned irradiated plane sectioned areaof determined height, and

by scanning successive line areas of one face of this irradiated plane sectioned area transverse lto the direction of X-ray projection, to collect the scattered X-radiation projected yfrom 'each successive transverse line area along one face of the irradiated plane sectioned area within a determined angle from the perpendicular lthereto at each level of small diameter beam projection in the line area and converting the collected scattered X-radiation from each line area into a series of electrical impulses, this series of electrical impulses may be utilized to vary the intensity of a cathode ray beam in a cathode ray oscillograph tube, the field oscillations of which are timed and synchronized to be in accord with the beam and line scanning movements, thereby to reproduce on the oscillograph screen a visual indication of the variations in composition and density of the material along the path of travel of the beam of X-radiation therethrough at each successive beam level along the line scanned area of the irradiated plane section of the object material, obtaining thereby a crosssectional picture of the irradiated plane sectioned area for 'immediate visual study or for photographing vfor more considered diagnostic study.

In accord with these discoveries I have devised a new type of X-ray apparatus for use in the determination of compositional and density variations of material along the path of X-radiation projection therethrough and incorporating `the features above noted, which apparatus is of particular utility in the diagnosis of such differences in composition and density that may be present in living tissuesfone specic embodiment of which apparatus is illustrated in the accom- -panying drawings and is hereinafter described.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a sectional view taken along plane I-l of Fig. 2;

Fig. 2 is a sectional view taken along plane 2 2 of Fig. 1;

plane 6-6 of Fig. 7, illustrating a second main `-feature of the present invention;

Fig. 7 is a sectional view taken along plane 'le-'l of Fig. 6;

Fig. 8 is an enlarged sectional View taken along plane 8-8 of` Fig. 7;

Fig. 9 is a perspective View of one of the ele :ments indicated in` Fig. 8;

fFig. 10 is a top view illustrating the mechanical elements of the invention and their relation to each other;

Fig. 11 is a sectional View of the same along plane Il-Il of Fig.

Fig. 12 is an enlarged top view of the broken away end of the apparatus of Fig. 10;

Fig. 13 is an enlarged side view of the feature of Figs. 6 and 7 indicating its association with the mechanical elements of Fig. l0;

Fig. 14 is a broken away side view completing Fig. 13;

Fig. 15 is an end view taken along plane l5-I5 of Fig. 14;

Fig. 16 is a sectional view taken along lplane I6-l6 of Fig. 14 showing one operating `posiftion;

Fig. 17 is a sectional view taken Jalongplane IG--IB of Fig. 14 showing a second operating position;

Fig. 18 is an enlarged sectional view illustrat- Alng'one 'mechanical velement of the present invention;

Fig. 19 is .a view illustrating another feature of lthe present invention; and

Fig. V20 is a schematic-diagrammatic View showing vthe various stationary andmoving elements of they complete apparatus ofthe present linvention in their relative order and operating relationship yand the electrical circuitv connecltions therebetween.

The apparatus illustrated in thedrawings is one that has been specifically designed for use in the diagnosis of the internal A'composition and density structure of living tissues and is intended v'primarily'.for use in Aconjunction'with the .usual type of X-ray photographs which, as is well known, are :essentially shadow imagesv indicating the total density of the different portions of an irradiated area inthe direction of `X-ray projection. Normally, such-shadow imagesare poorly :dened and it isfusuallyvnecessary to Ytake a'plurality of such shadow images, each from a different'angle through .the'object area, for. diagnos- .tic examination. Thepresent invention by providing means indicatingvisually the composition and density variations :occurring along thepath jof'X-ray4 projection-and'over an irradiated plane sectional area'lying in the Jpath ofX-ray projection greatly facilitates `the diagnostic examinationof the subject area when usedalone or when used toaugment the information obtained from `shadow image '-X-ray `photographs Ataken of the sameobiect area inthe same or adiierent direction of X-ray projection.

In theurawingsthe special. .-.embodimentep- A paratus disclosed consists essentially of means to Vrepeatedlyscan the object areaO in one `plane and in one direction with a substantially uni- *directionall and small diameter beam e of X-radi- .ation,rtherebyvto irradiate a-plane section o' of the object area O disposed inthezpathof X-ray projection; means tov line rscan successive transverse line areas Z of the irradiated plane section fo'lof the object area lO'alongone facethereof in the direction of X-radiation projection to collect vthe scattered X-radiation projected-from the face line area l into an electrical impulse, the intensity of which varies with variation in the amount of said collected and limited scattered X-radiation; a cathode ray oscillograph tu'be and means synchronizing the oscillations of the cathode ray beam thereof over the target screen thereof with the movements of the beam scanning and line scanning means, respectively, to reproduce the scanned irradiated area thereon; and means impressing the said electrical impulses obtained on line scanning the irradiated plane section upon the cathode ray beam to vary the intensity thereof, thereby to visually indicate on the target screen of the cathode ray tube the compositional and density variations of the material traversed by the projected X-radiation along each line area. These instrumentalities and means will hereinafter be more specifically described.

"Referring first to Fig. 20, which is a schematicdiagrammatic showing of the entire apparatus,

.the means for scanningan objectarea O 4with a ,smalldiameter Vunidirectional beamze of X-radiag- ,tion vrepeatedly and unidirectionally in thel same plane to obtain an irradiated plane'section o' of said object area O is that indicatedby the-"elements T, A and B, the latter element being. actuated 'by motor M throughgear train'38a5interconnecting the motor M to element B,.as will more fully hereinafter be disclosed.

The means for scanning successive vtransverse line areas ofthe irradiated plane sectiono' of the object area O to collect X-radiation scattered-*in each-line area Z and projected outwardly Y:from the face thereof within a determined angle centered on the perpendicular and to limit same to lradiation projected in a straight line pathnf projection radiating from the center of f the scanned line area l and to convert the lcollected and thus limited radiation into an electricalimpulse, the intensity of which varies with variation in the amount of suchcollected and limited scattered X-radiation, is that indicated by C which means is also actuated by motor M through an interconnecting gear train 38, as will more V fully hereinafter be disclosed.

The cathode ray oscillograph tube is indicated #by D and the means Ato impress the -electrical impulse derived frornmeans C on the cathode ray .electric means Eand cam-actuated 'sw-itch means `F through the operation of means R2 and R1, re-

spectively, shown electrically connectedthereto,

all as will be more fully hereinafter-disclosed. j

Referring now to Figs. 1 to 5, inclusive, the `details of the small diameter beam scanning means of the present invention, as it-has vbeen .specioally adapted for kuse in this speciclemlbodiinent may be noted. In this arrangement the X-ray tube T is enclosed within a housing H which is, as eitectively aspossible,made impermeable to .X-radia-tion by means of lead sheathing i. The X-ray tubeT, per se, forms .no part of the present inventionv except-in the combination with-the other elements thereof as a source Aof X-radiation of desired wavelength and intensityyand mayconsistof `any ofthe modern v.type of X-radiation generators. .The means indicated by box .25(Fig. 20),.drawingcurfrent .from asupply source for" actuating thejX- ladicto-1 ray tube T is a standard type of such means for energizing the tube with substantially pure direct current, and also forms no part of the present invention. As this means, per se, is old and well known in the art no further illustration or description thereof is believed required or necessary for those skilled in the art to understand or to comprehend such means and mechanisms or the present invention incorporating the same as a part thereof.

To obtain from tube T a substantially unidirectional and small diameter beam of X-radiation for the beam scanning purposes of this invention, housing I-I is provided with a rectangular opening 3 of determined small size, which is aligned to be centered opposite the center of inclined target face t of anode a of the X-ray tube T. Such an opening- 3 permits the passage of a relatively thin cone segment S of X-radiation projected by anode a, through the housing I-I, which cone segment of radiation is passed through radiation absorbing tunnel A wherein all radiation not traversing a straight line path radiating outwardly from the cone apex located at the center of target area t through the rectangular opening 3 is absorbed and removed therefrom.

Radiation absorbing tunnel A may take a plurality of different shapes and forms without essential departure from the inventionto achieve the objective thereof. In the speeic example shown it consists of a tubular body part A having a diameter somewhat greater than the height of rectangular opening 3 and a length which is materially greater than the diameter thereof, said body part being comprised of, or interiorly lined with, X-radiation-absorbing material I', such as lead, substantially as shown. The open end of the tubular body part A is closed by a vclosure plate li in which is also provided a recany desired specification. Preferably, a thickness of not over about one millimeter is desired in the beam. The height of the beam at aperture 5 may be widely varied without essential departure from the invention, depending upon the distance between aperture 5 and object area O and the height of irradiated plane section area o therein that may be desired for line scanning in accordance with the present invention as one skilled in the art will readily recognize fromthe present disclosure. The inner face of end closure member li also is lined with X-radiation absorbing material I.

For purposes of this specific embodiment I `have arbitrarily selected a plane section area o for irradiation and line scanningin object area O which is approximately 100 millimeters by 100 millimeters and have designed the apparatus of the specific embodiment accordingly. YThe preoise height of rectangular openings 3 and 5 will depend primarily upon the distance between the rectangular opening 5 and the object area O due to the cone angle of the projected X-radiation S Ainvolved and obtained. In general, a spacingof not over 6 inches to the iirst transverse line area to be scanned has arbitrarily been selected as being the best arrangement to provide.

With this spacing rectangular openings 3 and 5 are approximately 17 and 33 millimeters high, respectively, and the widthof each opening is approximately 1 millimeter.

Element B is provided to intercept the thin cone beam of radiation S passing through rectangular aperture 5 and to convert same into a small diameter beam e of such X-radiation repeatedly traversing the object area O to scan same in one plane and to form therein the irradiated plane section area o. Element B consists essentially of a rotating disc (B) which is opaque to X-radiation except through small diameter openings 5 therein which are aligned along a curved path in such manner as to be located successively upon rotation of element B about its axis in front of rectangular opening 5. Means, such as motor M and an interconnecting gear train 38a, are provided to rotate disc B at a determined desired rate of rotation. As indicated in the drawings (Fig. 5) disc B is provided With a plurality oi small diameter arcuately aligned openings 6, each of equal and small diameter approximating one-half millimeter, the arcuate arrangement of said openings 6 being such as to present each successive aligned opening i3 in front of rectangular aperture 5 at a lower level as the disc B is rotated about its axis by the means provided, thereby causing a small diameter beam of radiation to move downwardly (or upwardly, depending on the direction of rotation of disc B) the height of the rectangular aperture 5. For purposes of this invention the diameter of this beam is preferably not over 1 millimeter, in order to obtain an irradiated section o of this approximate thickness. As indicated in the drawings a double arcuately `arranged series of openings i5 are provided in disc B so that upon each rotation of the disc B the small diameter beam of radiation e is caused to twice traverse the rectangular opening 5.

In the construction of disc B, a plurality of different materials and combinations of materials are utilizable to produce opaqueness to X- radiation and the particular design and construction of disc B depends as much on the desired rate of rotation'of disc B as on anything else. In the present specirlc embodiment I have arbitrarily selected a rate of rotation and arcuate alignment of 1/2 millimeter diameter holes 6 therein for disc B which provides for the pro.- gressivemovement ci the one millimeter-diameter-beam e from the top to the bottom of rectangular aperture 5 at a rate approximating 100 times per second. This rate of rotation of disc B requires the use of strong materials and the practical combination of materials to provide the necessary strength appears to be a sandwich comprised of outer discs cih-d consisting oi heavy brass plates having a thickness approximating 1A! inch and an inner disc d" comprised of lead having a thickness of 1/8 inch. The relative thicknesses of the brass plates dd and inner lead disc d", however, being Widely variable without essential departure from the invention but being generally or" a thickness calculated with respect to the hardness of the X-radiation to effectively intercept at least the major portion but preferably all of such Eil-radiation striking the rear face or` the disc B.

As a practical matter, except for the possible danger incident to the exposure of living tissues to such X-radiation, r have found that it is only necessaryi to reduce the X-radiation passing acecho;

through the disc B, -exclusive of that passing `through openings therein, to a quantity l'of relatively small order as compared to that .pass- -ing through the `openings 16, for purposes of effective detection of the scattered X-radiationin the irradiated area o" on line scanning the .area -o -by :the -line -scanning means` C. The contrast obtained between Vthe two -quantities of irradiation is.effectively reflected in such collected-scattered radiation. In the irradiation of living .tis- .s1-ies, as desired infthe present specific embodiment, however, substantially complete absorp- :tion Vof the X-radiation except that passing .through each ropening :5, is the preferred arrangement.

fiveierring `now to Figs. 3a to 3d, inclusive,;the .result obtained by the operation of the beam scanning means including elements T, A and B `is .indicated schematically. As :indicated the small diameter beam of radiation e Vfrom target area t passing through the rst (upper) vof the openings-6 strikes object 4area O along line b--c. A -following opening AE projects a similar diameter Abeam ata lower -level b'-c through the ob- ,ject area O. The last (lowest) opening v-f pro- 4jects a similar diameter beam through object area O at .the bottom level b"-c, .thereby completing what may .be termed the vertical beam-scanning of the plane section o' deiined by `the poi-nts -b-c, -b-c"` (Fig. 3d) which is .centered .with respect to .the axis Aof X-radiation projection from the center of target area t of anode aci X-ray tube T through rectangular .openings f3 and .5.

The frequency with which the small diameter beam cof X-radiation is caused to repeatedly traverse this .area o' (b-cb"-c") maybe widely varied without departurefrom the invention. For the purposes of the present specific embodiment and in the examination of living tissues a frequency approximating 100 times per second has been found .practical and effective as the time interval of irradiation involved is short enough to 'permit the use of X-radiation -of the maximum hardness, if desired.

The means provided for rotating disc B about its axis may also vary Widely Without Yessential departure from the invention. In lthe specific embodiment illustrated I -have show-n a motor means M mechanically connected by a gear train I 2'lhis means C of the present invention conf sistsbroadly of tunnel means l to collect the scattered X-radiation `proiected iromone face of the-irradiated sectionr o along a transverse line area l thereof in a direction' following a straight iine path radiating from the line axis of said linearea l'within a determined angle.; a uorescentscreen means II `to convert same into light energy; alight sensitive tube means IZ'to convert the lighty energy into electrical energy.; and means i3 "to amplify the said electrical energy obtained and means i4 to apply thefamplliiied electrical energy "to directly aiect the intensity ofthe cathode ray beam offthe cathode ray oscillographtube D.

Tn the specific err'iodiment .illustrated V.the

means C v.more specicallyconsists tof a plurality of radiation collecting tunnels I0, each substantially rectangular in section, said tunnels I0 being mounted in close spaced radiating relationship about'a line axis disposed in -a plane at a ,determined Adistance away from the open -ends thereof at which may be located the irradiated section ,o to be line scanned by the said tunnels I0.

The total number of such radiation collecting tunnels AIil may be varied Widely without essential Vdeparture from Athe invention, depending upon the particular cone angle of scattered X- radiation collection that may be desired from .each Aline `area l of the irradiated section .0. `In the specific example illustrated Aa cone angle of .radiation collection .approximating which -is centered on the `perpendicular to the irradiated area o", is desired.

Each tunnel I0 is comprised of material, such as heavy brass plates, which is absorptive to- Wards X-radiation and is .interiorly divided into a .plurality of radiating channels 20 formed by close-spaced plates 2I, also comprised of X- radiation absorptive material, such as brass, to limit the X-radiation traversing through the tunnel to radiation projected in a straight line .path radiating from the line axis of each line area l about which the plurality of vtunnels I0 are disposed. The length of tunnels I'Cl is designed to substantially exclude X-radiation other than that from the line area being scanned from traversing the length of each tunnel I0. This length and the spacing between plates 2l may vary widely without essential departure from the invention.

The exit end of each tunnel I is closed by a fluorescent screen element II and a light sensitive tube I2 is disposed relative to the rear face of each screen II to be actuated thereby upon energization of the iiuorescent screen II by the X-radiation projected through tunnel I0. Alight radiation impermeable housing I5 encloses the exit ends of tunnels .I I), the screen elements I I and vlight sensitive tubes I2, said housing I5 having spaced inner and outer walls I5a and I'5b between which is disposed thermal insulation I6 and being provided with means Il, such as solid carbon dioxide to maintain the temperature of tubes I2 at vthe desired low temperature for best operating eiiiciency.

Tubes I2 are electrically connected in parallel as indicated in Fig. 20, and the electric current flow induced therein by the light energy generated in screens II at each level of beam projection is amplified, 'by passing through amplirler means `I 3 to a desired magnitude and the amplified current thus obtained is applied by means I4 to the grid g' of cathode ray tube D to aiiect directly the intensity of the cathode ray beam of the tube "D, `Means I3 and I4, per se, arek each old `and Well known electrical instrumentalities in the art and, per se, do not `form apart of the present invention except in combination with the other means and instrumentalities thereof, and do not require further description or illustration for those skilled in the art to recognize the same or to recognize the functioning of the same in the present invention.

'Of major importance, .in this combination of elements comprising the line scanning means C fof the ,present invention, is thetunnel lmeans I0 .for collecting a determined portion of the .scattered IX-radiation projected .from one facezfof irradiationarea .o along vvtheline :scannedarea'zl andfof limiting the collec-ted radiationrzpassing v111' being' Vselected to provide the desired rate. of speed to helical screw 36 to move the means C a 100 millimeter distance of one-(1) second.

In the line scanning of the irradiated area o' it is preferred to line scan successive spaced line areas l thereof, each for the same determined time interval -in order to obtain from each line scanned area Z an electrical impulse having a value comparable to that of any other line area l. To accomplish this result the screw thread of helical screw 36 is broken up into a succession of spaced teeth 39 each of which are curved in such manner as to hold the depending knife 40 in engagement therewith in one position of movement until the tooth 39 is rotated clear of the knife whereupon the spring means 31 operates to advance the knife against the face of the following tooth 39, the space gap therebetween being one millimeter, thereby moving the line scanning device C to a position opposite the next adjacent line section for scanning. In this arrangement the width of each tooth 39 at any given rate of rotation of the screw 36 determines the time interval of line scanning each successive one millimeter line section Z of the irradiated area o'. As the total width of area o' is 100 millimeters the time interval of scanning each line area is 1,500 of a second.

Spring means 31 is a helical spring secured at each end in screw hooks 1I-4l', one of which (4I) is anchored to the movable carriage and the other of which (41') is secured to the end support 30. The spring 31 is enclosed in a telescoping tubular housing 42 to prevent sagging of the spring in tensioned or untensioned position.

Knife means 40 is arranged to be movable into and out of tooth engaging position by the means illustrated in Figs. l5, 16 and 17, wherein it may be noted that the knife 50 is mounted for pivoting about axis 43 by means of lever arm 44 which is secured in a loose link connection to the end of pin 45 sustained to be axially movable in housing 45 against the spring tension of spring 41. The normal position of knife 4i! is tooth engaging position from which it is movable upon depressing pin 45 against the action of spring 41 so that the carriage (base plate 34) can be returned manually to first position thereby tensioning spring 31, the release of knife 4B to normal position then operating to re-engage the knife against the face of one of the teeth 39 to secure the carriage in first position from which, on rotation of helical toothed screw 3b the carriage sustaining means C is again moved to the nal or dotted line position shown in Fig. 18.

1 In the normal use of this apparatus in the diagnostic examination of living tissue, such as a section of a human body only one horizontal line scanning of the irradiated area o is contemplated and the maximum time interval of exposure to X-radiation provided (l second) is that calculated to obtain such line scanning within a safe time interval permitting the use of the hardest X-rays. The present method of vertically scanning a determined area of living tissue repeatedly with a small diameter beam of substantially unidirectional X-radiation to irradiate a determined plane section area thereof also has the major advantage of permitting the use of X-radiation of the maximum intensity, as the time interval of exposure and the area exposed to each beam can each be made extremely small so that the same small area can be repeatedly irradiated over an overall time intervaltotalling one (l) second that is much greater thanthat safely used in continuous vexposure 'of the same sized area to the same hardness radiation.

With this advantage in mind I find, for example, that in the irradiation of a selected area of a human body with X-radiation I may employ a beam of substantially unidirectional X-radiation about l millimeter in'diameter and irradiate the same area as frequently as one hundred times per second with X-radiation of much higher intensity than heretofore employed for the same time interval Without injury to the living tissue. Where the area to be line scanned is small, of the order of 10D millimeters in length in the direction of X-ray projection, it is preferred to also limit the line scanning time interval toone (l) second to be Well on the safe side since the order of intensity of the X-radiation corresponds to a tube anode current of 1/2 ampere With these arbitrary limitations in mind gear train 38a is designed to rotate scanning disc B at a rate approximating 50 times per second which with the double row of openings B-Ga therein, each of which has a diameter of one (l) millimeter, provides a scanning rate of 100 times per second in the irradiated plane section o' of the object area O. Gear train 38 is designed to provide in screw 36 a rate of rotation and spiral tooth arrangement which will cause the scanning device C to line-scan successive one millimeter areas of a 100 millimeter length of the irradiated area in one (l) second. The height of the line scanned area may be widely varied without essential departure from the invention but I have generally found it most practical to line scan a height which is approximately equal to the line scanned width, as this square area is most conveniently reproduced on the fluorescent screen of the oscillograph tube D.

It is important also to select vertical and horizontal scanning rates which are relative and reproducible by the cathode ray oscillograph tube. Such a tube, per se, is old and well known in the art and is widely used in a plurality of different ways. The operation of the tube and the control equipment normally employed therewith to regulate the vertical and horizontal scanning rates of the cathode ray beam thereof over the phosphorescent screen area thereof are believed too well known to require extensive disclosure in this application to enable those skilled in the art to recognize the same or to adapt same for the purposes of the present invention.

However, referring to Fig. 20, I have indicated the tube D as having an indirectly heated cathode Ic, a plurality of grid electrodes g1, g2, g3, and two pairs of oppositely aligned plate electrodes p-p and p-p' all enclosed within an envelope f, Phosphorescent screen s is disposed on the inside face of the envelope f in alignment with the cathode, grid and plate electrodes. The cathode ray beam from cathode c normally hits the center of the screen s but by the operation of plate electrodes p-p and pp' can be made to traverse the screen s in an orderly manner as is well known in the art. The intensity of the cathode ray beam and the resulting luminosity produced when the beam hits screen s is controlled by the electrical potential impressed upon the grid electrode'gi. Heretofore in the art, the specific means I4 has been utilized in a plurality of ways to so vary the potential on grid g' in response to varying electrical impulses fed thereinto. In the present invention these varying impulses are derived from the means C amplified by amplifier means i3 as heretofore practiced in the art. f

l3- `In *thef..present" invention; the frequencyfof rfth'e vertical and-horizontal 'iscanningiof'theirradiated area isimpressedzupon--plate-electrodes-.Wp and pf-p-, bymeanstwellknown -irnthe art underfthe control; respectively; .ofphotosensitive .means-E andimechanicalswitchrneansli llr Inthe usual cathodefray oscillograph-apparatus the operatingcurrent therefor is derived"from-a'V powenpack- I normally. associated with:.tube..D,'- said power-pack. beingenergizedy byt alternating current-of the usual 110 or 22o-volts drawnfrom a-supply -line. Suitable 1connections are-.provided inthe power pack-I to drawothe-requi-redbperating Vvoltagesfandicurrent forL application :tothe cathode, grid andY plate electrodes .eff the Atube-IDLV The variationse of the-plate `electrodervoltages:neci-` essary-lto cause thevcathodei-ray.beamofitlie-tubeto voscillate'` over the..prescribedarea-A ofthescreen'l s1 withl the frequencydesiredand in themannei= desiredisunden the control offa means J fandK; respectively, which normally is associated.- with.v the-.apparatus and. per se,-. forms `no partei I-theinvention` except as'. avv part-- of the combination thereof;

P-hotosensitivemeans .E,.'.'however; controls :the operation ofmeans-J, which regulates-the rverti'cal rncivenient. of.` the.l cathode ray beam-overtlie screenf field. This means.E-..consist`s. essentially; in.photo-sensitivetube SI1-and a means, suchas lamp .5 l.' to -project 1 a beaxn=of`light radiation-zand means aligningthe tube-.Scand lamp 5flon1opposite isides of rotating-disc Blin a position -to -be in alignment with an*` opening 53a, thereini-.whichn upon 1 rotation of :the .disc periodically-permits thethe-same,l the periodicity of. energization inthe instantspecic embodiment being'twice -for each-` revolution` -of 1 disc B1 due` to lthe provision of a. double arcuate row oil-spaced@openings-thereinl and twosuchopenings-53 (wandelt l The -current -owin .photo-tube-fis amplified. in away Wellknown-in theLart and the-amplified-1v current:4 is `passed' into Aa sweep generator=means-- Re; and is=utilized vtol actuate vertical scanning control'meansJ at the-frequencyof current imipulseA generated in; photo-tube 50 upon rotation. of` disc B. Sweeo'generatormeans-Rr,- pen-se; isold-andlweltknownin the artfand-fforms no part of the invention except thecombination-withethe-other elements thereof;

Means y F consistsessentially ofj-ay rotating-star cam 60 (Figs.` y14 -'-and-19) mounted to rotate with rotation of screw 36-either directly orjthroughaconnectinggearftrainas-mayv-be desired,I` Arollerf liilontheend of contact-arm 62 is-disposedfto-j make-roller contactwith the faceiofcam-60-ginsuch manner that asthe roller -climbs-each-camf point `face contact 63L on arm 62'; makes 'circuit-'f closingcontact. with fixed` contactJ Elf (Fig: l9)- closing lan electrical circuit i actuating 'relay 'R1 to i actuate the horizontal scanning control means'Ki W-ith any given; rate of rotation of 'screw-` 36C the rate of rotation -of :star-"cam lit may- `loe-made5to' provide a periodicityof contact closings-corre spending to the periodicity of' scanner move? ment, -whicli'fin the v instant specifica example is" 100 `times per`v second;

It is believed that it is unnecessary-toexteni sively descijibeytheA4 electrical circuiti'diz'atgra-mof Eigq 20,-it` being apparent therefrom thatr the" current= fo r energizing motcr-v M; Xaray tube Tl and"oscillc'igraphl tu-beyD is "derived --fromethefsame v supply source (normallyv 110 v. A". the-ener: -V gizationof eaclibeing lunder.- the control ofj aY sired." The XeraytubeTftheniseenergizedi the closing.:v of switch, il I -with the. objecti. tozloe diagnosed locatedfproperly inthepbjectfarea-:atg and-1in alignment .with,the-path` of '.-X;radiation fion irradiationofithe vertical fplame-isectonfof. Vthere-a 'i irl-.to.blewscanned, and motor;zM-.isfsubstantially simultaneously energized 4Ibiy closing.: switch. al 2f. tol initiate" vertical and '.horizontal scanning'. of a the@l detern'iinerli.irradiatedy plane=sectionf of.' the on` ject; dur-ing.y the arbitraryc-time interval offione, (12) i second; at "thefendofwh'ichtime .interval fthe Xraysdevice and; .motorf M'lare: deenergized"t by: pulling fthe-knife switches f1 I fand 112: manually e cri` automaticallyfasmay Lbe desired,and ther-scan@- ning meansy (Tisr 1rfc-setto rstpositionfreadyffor; the next': scanning operation.-

Ifha-veffound it-to. be \advantageous-z.tok plictograph-thevisualrecord l. impressed on'. the oscille@- graphrtubelscreen by:v the practice: offthepresentI invention for permanentrecordandffor pur-poses of diagnostic studyi' and-'examination and com-f parison-withr thefshadovv'v images obtainediiniusual XI-ray pictures:-

Variousptlier mechanical;- photographic', opticaland electrical' means capable of being actuated' or controlled'by the varyingI intensitwelectrical current lobtained vfrom means@ of fthefpresen-t .in-- venticn such asthose now known inf thef-artfandi' heretofore-f employed'v as equivalent'v .meansf ifor; cathode-rayx oscillograph tubesl,-may bef substi-' tutedforthecathoderaysoscillograph tube ofl the present invention to obtain-a visual indicationfofl suoli-varying intensity 4eleetrical-currents *without* essential departure'vfrom Ltlfieinvention;7

Various modifications and departures fromtha specific embodiment of the inventionherein cle-- scribed-and' illustrated in the'drawings will occur tothose' skilled in thearttandiall such modiiijca-v tionsv and departuresan-d improvementsy of the'r invention are contemplated'asimay'tall'.withinthei scopejof'jthe following-claims:

1- .man Kirai'v diaen-Qsbc apparatus tllegeom: binationcomprising an Xray tube andlmeansto energize the same; Ia cathode, rayoscillqgraph tube andvmeans to energize4 the same.; means limitingy the Xfiradiation projected from therayytube to .aunidirectionalsmallpldiarneterkbeam. projected through `an object areas; meanstov colevv lect; from any small pointgarea along the patlilof.;v b'eam. lX-.ray projection ,through the,..object areag the: jXfradiation scattered .therefrom in oneI `gene-, eraljdirection substantially atright. anglesto the?? direction `:of `beamX-.ray projection, means: lcon;l vertinasaidi collected scattered .XY-radiationinto electrical? energy, and means.l applying. said elec;v trical lenergy;todirectly affectthe intensity ofthe.; cathode ,ray beampf the saidvilca'thode. rayroscilloa graphjtubet.

2. :The *combination-of, claim 1i Whereinmeans, is providedto cause-said small ;diameter lbeam-of X-radiation to. repeatedly traverseunidireetio ally af straishtalne nath vthrough. ithefzobiect area; therebyl1 irradiatinaaa4 determined plane; section.; area thereof; wherein said means to collect;-A scattered. Xeradiaition comprises `means rcollectingrsaid scattered'Lra-di'ation p-rojectingcfromioneface` of :a said irradiated planesection i yalong# a2 transverse'line .-area thereof; and whereimmeanslknifeJL switch.-l vlri-tftlnaiy lnormal soperatiemoft tlief 76:4 isfprovided-tmprogressively -movesaidcollecting i means overv successive contiguous transverse line areas; and wherein means synchronizing ythe scanning movement of the cathode ray beam'of the said cathode ray oscillograph tube over-'the screen area thereof with the beam movement and with the line area collecting means movement is provided thereby to reproduce the irradiated plane section area of the object area thereon with the varying intensity cathode ray beam obtained.

, 3. An X-ray diagnostic apparatus comprising in combination an X-ray tube and means energizing the same; a cathode ray tube oscillograph and means energizing the same; means for projecting a small diameter beam of X-radiation from the X-ray tube through an object area, said means including means causing the said beam to repeatedly traverse a straight line path through the object area thereby to irradiatea plane section thereof lying in the direction of X-ray projection; means to successively collect the scattered X-radiation projected from one face of the irradiated plane section along adjacent contiguous transverse line areas, said collected radiation having a direction of projection lying within a Wide angle disposed on opposite sides of the perpendicular to the said face, means absorbing all such collected radiation except that having a direction of projection radiating from the axis` of the line area involved; means converting said excepted collected radiation into light energy; means converting the light energy into electrical energy, and means applying the electrical energy to the cathode ray tube to directly aliect the intensity of the cathode ray beam therein; and means synchronizing the scanning movement of the cathode ray beam of the cathode ray tube over the oscillograph screen therein with the scanning movements of the said beam and line area scanning means, respectively, through and over the said object area.

4. An X-ray diagnostic apparatus comprising in combination a cathode ray tube oscillograph and means energizing the same; means projecting a small diameter unidirectional beam of X-radiation through an object area and means causing the said beam to repeatedly traverse a straight line path thereby to irradiate a plane section of said object area lying in the direction of X-ray projection, means collecting the X-radiation scattered in traversing said object area and emitted from one face of said plane section in a direction radiating from all pcintslying along a transverse' line area thereof and within a determined wide angle centered at about the perpendicular to said face, means progressively moving said collecting means over the Said face in the direction of X-ray projection, means converting the collected scattered X-radiation into electrical energy, means applying said electrical energy to directly affect the intensity of the cathode raiT beam of the cathode ray oscillograph tube, and

means synchronizing the vertical and-horizontalv scanning movements of the cathode ray beam over the field of the screen element in the cathode ray tube with the beam and line scanning movements, respectively, thereby to reproduce on the said screen the irradiated plane section area and the line area differences in the amount of scattered X-radiation collected along one face thereof.

5. In an X-ray diagnostic apparatus the com;- bination consisting of a cathode ray tube oscillograph and means energizing the same; an'X-ray' tube and means energizing the same; means limiting the X-radiation from the said -X-ray tube 16 to a small diameter beam of substantially unidirectional X-radiation projected through anobject area, means to repeatedly move the said` beam in a straight line path through the object area to irradiate a selected plane section thereof lying in the direction of X-ray projection, means to collect from a transverse line section area of said irradiated selected plane section area the scattered X-radiation emanating from one face thereof in a direction radiating from the line axis of said line area and lying within a determined Wide angle which is less than 186, means to convert the collected scattered X-radiation into electrical energy, means to progressively move said collecting means over the face of said irradiated plane section area to collect successively the scattered X-radiation emanating from contiguous selected line areas; means to apply the electrical energy thereby obtained to affect directly the intensity of the cathode ray beam oi said cathode ray tube oscillograph, and means to sync'hronize the horizontal and vertical scanning movements of the cathode ray beam over` the target area of said oscillograph tube to correspond' With the movements of the X-ray beam moving and line collecting means thereby to reproduce the irradiated plane section area on the target area with the varying intensity cathode ray beam. n 6. The method of determining the internal compositional and density variations in a material which comprises scanning a selected internal area in one plane with a small diameter beam of primary X-radiation of known characteristics and line scanning successive transverse line areas along one face of the irradiated internal area to collectl the scattered X-radiation projecting therefrom at each level of beam projection in a path radiating outwardly from the line axis of each line area in a direction lying within a determined wide angle lying on opposite sides of the perpendicular to said face, converting the collected scattered X-radiation into electrical energy and applying the same to directly affect' the intensity of the cathode ray beam in a cathode ray oscillograph tube, the vertical and horizontal scanning movements of said beam overl the screen target area thereof being synchronized to accord with the beam and line scanning movements, respectively, employed.

7. The method of determining composition and density variations of material which comprises repeatedly irradiating a plane section area of the material with a small diameter beam of X-radiation and line scanning one face of the irradiated area to collect scattered X-radiation projecting from each line scanned area in a determined di-A rection, and converting the collected scattered X-radiation from each line scanned area into an electrical impulse, the intensity of whichhas a direct relation to the composition and density electrical impulse to the cathode ray beam of a cathode ray oscillograph tube to aiect the in tensity of said beam. i. 9. The methodof examining the interior along one face of the irradiated area to collect X-radiation scattered from each line area over a determined-angle lying on opposite sides ofthe-fl of amaterialwhich comprises repeatedly irradiatingu an internal plane section area of the material ,-t line scanning successive transverse line areas perpendicular to the said face, converting said collected radiation to light radiation, converting the light radiation to electrical energy, and applying said electrical energy to aiect the intensity of a cathode ray beam in a cathode ray oscillograph tube, the vertical and horizontal oscillations of which beam over the screen element therein being synchronized tc coniorm with the beam and line scanning rates, respectively.

10. An -X-ray diagnostic apparatus comprising means to repeatedly irradiate successive contiguous line areas of a plane section of an object, means to collect separately the scattered X-radiation projecting substantially perpendicularly from one face o1" the irradiated plane section at a plurality or points along each contiguous irradiated line area, means converting the scattered radiation collected at each said point into an electrical impulse, means amplifying each said electrical impulse a determined degree and means converting the plurality of amplified electrical impulses into a visual image of the irradiated plane section with the varying intensities oi the amplied electrical impulses representing the composition of the material comprising the object along the plane section of X-ray projection.

11. An X-ray diagnostic apparatus comprising in combination means to project a small diameter beam of X-radiation through an object to irradiate repeatedly successive contiguous line areas along a plane section of the object, and means to scan the irradiated plane section ci the said object along contiguous transverse line areas to collect the scattered :S-radiation emanating from the irradiated plane surface at each point of intersection of the X-radiation with the transverse line scanning means in one direction substantially normal to one face of the said irradiated plane section area, means to convert the scattered X-radiation collected at each interscation point into an electrical impulse having an intensity relative to the amount of collected radiation and varying in intensity with variation in said amount, and means to convert said electrical impulses into a visual reproduction of the irradiated plane section, the pattern of which is indicative of the composition of the object along the irradiated plane section.

12. The X-ray diagnostic apparatus of claim 11, wherein said means to project a small diameter beam of -X-radiation through an object to irradiate repeatedly successive contiguous line areas along a plane section oi an object comprises an X-ray tube and means energizing the same to produce X-radiation, an X-ray impermeable shield enclosing the said X-ray tube, a small sized rectangular opening in said shield to permit a segment of a beam of X-rays to project therethrough, a radiation absorbing tunnel surrounding the opening, an X-ray impermeable closure member closing the end or said tunnel, a small sized rectangular opening in said closure member, said opening being aligned with the first opening, a rotating radiation impermeable disc disposed in front of said closure member and covering the said opening therein, and a plurality of small diameter openings in said disc aligned therein to be successively positioned in front of the said opening in the closure member during disc rotation with each successive opening at an adjacently lower level in one direction of disc rotation and during one complete revolution of the disc.

13. The X-ray diagnostic apparatus of claim 11, wherein said transverse line scanning means comprises a plurality of radiation impermeable tunnels aligned axially in the same plane and sustained in transverse alignment to the direction of X-ray projection in a position adjacent the object being irradiated with the tunnel axes lying in a plane substantially normal to the irradiated piane section, means to move the said aligned tunnels irom one side of the irradiated plane section to the opposite side in successive continguous positions over the irradiated plane section of the said object, a photo-sensitive device in the remote end of each said tunnel to convert the scattered -X-radiation traversing the tunnel into an electrical impulse, and means amplifying each electrical impulse separately to a determined degree.

14. The X-ray device of claim l1, wherein said means to convert the plurality of amplified electrical impulses obtained into a visual image of the irradiated plane section of the said object which is representative of object composition comprises a cathode ray oscillograph tube and means energizing the same, means sychronizing the frequency of the horizontal scanning beam of the cathode ray tube with the frequency of X-ray beam projection along the contiguous line areas of the irradiated plane section of the object and means synchronizing the frequency of the vertical deflection of the said horizontal beam with the movement of the transverse line scanning means.

MARVIN WEINBERG.

References Cited in the le of this patent UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,838,537 Dauvillier Dec. 29, 1931 1,961,713 Simjian June 5, 1934 2,048,094 Applebaum July 21, 1936 2,219,113 Ploke Oct. 22, 1940 2,234,806 Ploke Mar. 11, 1941 2,277,756 Hare Mar. 31, 1942 2,319,712 Williams May 18, 1943 2,442,287 Edwards May 25, 1948 2,477,307 Mackta July 26, 1949 

